Alloys & Their Phase Diagrams. مرجع علمى مهندسى مواد

Transcription

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2 Alloys & Their Phase Diagrams

3 Objectives of the class Gibbs phase rule Introduction to phase diagram Practice phase diagram Lever rule Important Observation: One question in the midterm

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5 Gibbs phase rule P + F = C +2 P: number of phases (ie, solid, liquid, or gas) C: number of components F: Degree of freedom

6 Simple Example Water: a) At the triple point: P = 3 (solid, liquid, and gas) C= 1 (water) P + F = C + 2 F = 0 (no degree of freedom) b) liquid-solid curve P = 2 2+F = F= 1 One variable (T or P) can be changed c) Liquid P =1 So F =2 Two variables (T and P) can be varied independently and the system will remains a single phase

7 Unlimited Solutibity

8 Limited solubility

9 No Solubility

10 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems A mixture of two metals is called a binary alloy and constitutes a two-component system. Each metallic element in an alloy is called a separate component. Isomorphous systems contain metals which are completely soluble in each other and have a single type of crystal structure.

11 Cu-Ni: A Substitutional Solid Solution

12 Cu-Ni: Binary Isomorphous Alloy Example Liquidus line Solidus line Tie line

13 The Lever Rule To compute the amount of solid phase: Fraction of the solid phase = (Wo Wl)/(Ws-Wl)

14 Cu-Ni: Cooling Curves

15 Cooling curve

16 Some examples

17 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems

18 Eutectic composition: Phases: alpha and beta Composition of the phases: Alpha: 19.2% Sn Beta: 97.5% Sn Amount of phases: 45.5% of alpha: ( )/( ) 54.5% of beta phase

19 Example: Point D Phases: liquid and alpha Composition of the phases: Alpha: 19.2% Sn Liquid: 61.9% Sn Amount of phases: 51% of alpha phase: ( )/( ) 49% of liquid phase

20 Example: Point E Phases: alpha and beta Composition of the phases: Alpha: 19.2% Sn beta: 97.5% Sn Amount of phases: 73% of alpha phase: ( )/( ) 27% of beta phase

21 So what? High-melting Plumbers solder: pasty used in joints (Romans) and car body filling solder Soft: eutectic (free flowing): electronic assemby Eutetic: from the Greek easy melting

22 A Eutectic Cooling Curve Temperature-time cooling curve for 60% Pb 40% Sn alloy

23 Eutectic Microstructures There are a number of different morphologies # for the two phases in a binary eutectic alloy. Of prime importance is the minimization of the interfacial area between the phases. The rate of cooling can also have an important effect.

24 Eutectic Microstructures Schematic illustration of the various eutectic microstructures: (a) lamellar, (b) rodlike, (c) globular, and (d) acicular (or needlelike). Morphology means the form, shape or outward microstructure of a phase.

25 Microstructure evolution

26 Equilibrium Microstructure of Steel Alloys

27 The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram Austenite FCC crystal ferrite BCC iron crystal lattice Cementite Hard and brittle

28 Steels and Irons

29 Forging

30 Forging

31 Plain-Carbon Steel Steel can be defined as an Iron alloy which transforms to Austenite on heating. A plain-carbon steels has no other major alloying element beside carbon. When a plain-carbon steel is slowly cooled from the Austenitic range it undergoes the eutectoid transformation.

32 Construction steel Construction steel alloys used for concrete reinforcing bars and structural shapes have been traditionally been % C plain-carbon steels with only minor additional elements. In general these alloys are called Low-alloy Steel and for most purposes they can be considered plain-carbon steel.

33 The Iron-Iron Carbide Eutectoid System Note: pearlite is not a phase, but a combination of ferrite and cementite

34 Eutectoid

35 Eutectoid Microstructures Just like the eutectic systems there are a number of different morphologies # for the two phases in a binary eutectic alloy. The most common morphology for eutectoid areas in the Fe- Fe 3 C system is lamellar. (This is because most steel is relatively slowly cooled through the eutectoid phase transformation.)

36 Evolution of Eutectoid Steel Microstructure Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid

37 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels Transformation of a 0.4% C hypoeutectoid plain-carbon steel with slow cooling.

38 Hypoeutectoid

39 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels Transformation of a 1.2% C hypereutectoid plain-carbon steel with slow cooling.

40 Hypereutectoid

41 Carbon Steel (90% of the steel production) Low alloy steel (up to 6% of chromium, nickel, etc) Stainless steel (18% chromium and 8% nickel) Tool steels ( heavy alloyed with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and cobalt).

42 Problem A 0.45%C hypoeutectoid plain-carbon steel is slowly cooled from 950 C to a temperature just slightly above 723 C. Calculate the weight percent austenite and weight percent proeutectoid ferrite in this steel Austenite = ( )/( ) = 55.1% Proeutectoid Ferrite =( )/( ) = 44.9

43 A 0.45%C hypoeutectoid plain-carbon steel is slowly cooled from 950 C to a temperature just slightly below 723 C. (a)calculate the weight percent proeutectoid ferrite in this steel. (b) Calculate the weight percent eutectoid ferrite and the weight percent eutectoid cementite in this steel Proeutectoid Ferrite =( )/( ) =44.9% Cementite = ( )/( ) = 6.5% Total ferrite = ( )/( ) = 93.5% Eutectoid ferrite = total ferrite proeutectoid ferrite = = 48.6%

44 Problem A hypoeutectoid steel contains 22.5% eutectoid ferrite. What is the average carbon content? Total ferrite= proeutectoid ferrite + eutectoid ferrite (6.67-x)/( ) = (0.80 x)/( ) X =0.2

45 Jominy Hardenability Test

46 Intermediate Phases - Cu-Zn Example

47 Hypoeutectoid Phase Diagram If a steel with a composition x% carbon is cooled from the Austenite region at about 770 C ferrite begins to form. This is called proeutectoid (or pre-eutectoid) ferrite since it forms before the eutectoid temperature.